2.1 NIST Journal of Research
(downloadable)
www.nist.gov/jres
See links to Past Issues, then May-June 2002,
for the report of the international intercomparison of total,
elemental, and isotopic (C-14) carbon, plus selected organic
fractions, in Urban Dust SRM 1649a. This exercise may represent
the most extensive "carbon" intercomparison to date,
involving a homogeneous reference material. (Citation: J. Research
NIST, v 107 (2002) 279-298.) Reference 4 in this publication
(Klouda et al, 1996) gives results of an early attempt to produce
a carbonaceous (EC, OC) filter reference material by resuspension
of the bulk SRM.
Other important documents in the NIST publication
subsite include the NIST Policy on Traceability, and the ISO
and NIST Guidelines for the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.
2.2 Analytical Chemistry Division
http://www.cstl.nist.gov/nist839/839.02
http://www.cstl.nist.gov/nist839/839.05
These sites contain references to organic SRMs
(including SRM 1649a, above) and a special air filter material
(SRM 2783) collected by the IAEA from the Vienna atmosphere.
The certificate of analysis for SRM 2783, however, gives only
elemental (non-C) data. Recent data for EC, selected PAHs, and
C-14 in SRM 1941a (organics in marine sediment) and SRM 1944
(NY/NJ waterway sediment) have been given by Reddy, et al. (Environ.
Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) 1774-1782).
2.3 Surface and Microanalysis Science
Division
http://www.cstl.nist.gov/nist837/837.01
Links to Standards (SRMs) and Technical Activity
Reports include OCEC Workshop relevant information, including
work on SRM 2784 (quartz filter-based fine particulate reference
material), and a response surface study of accuracy in thermal
optical methods of determining elemental carbon.
2.4 Standard Reference Material Program
http://www.nist.gov/srm
The above site contains complete information
concerning NIST SRMs, including certificates of analysis for
most of the SRMs mentioned earlier.
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TOPIC
#3 . . .
How does the sample affect the measurement
of different carbon fractions?
Judith Chow, Research Professor, Environmental
Analysis Facility, Desert Research Institute
J.C. Chow and J.G. Watson (2002). PM2.5 carbonate concentrations
at regionally representative Interagency Monitoring of Protected
Visual Environment sites. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D21):ICC
6-1-ICC 6-9. doi: 10.1029/2001JD000574.
J.G. Watson and J.C. Chow (2002). Comparison and evaluation
of in-situ and filter carbon measurements at the Fresno Supersite.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D21):ICC 3-1-ICC 3-15.
doi: 10.1029/2001JD000573.
J.Z. Yu, J.H. Xu, and H. Yang (2002). Charring characteristics
of atmospheric organic particulate matter in thermal analysis.
Environmental Science & Technology, 36(4):754-761.
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TOPIC # 4 . .
.
What are the important parameters that need
to be defined for a carbonaceous aerosol analysis and how should
these be documented for different analysis protocols?
Hélène Cachier, LSCE/CFR, laboratoire mixte CEA-CNRS,
France
1) Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements. Chow
et al., 2001, Aerosol Science and Technology (34), 23-34
2) Evaluation of OC/EC speciation by Thermal Manganese Dioxide
Oxidation and the IMPROVE Method. Fung et al., 2002, Journal
of Air and Waste Management Association (52), 1333-1341
3) Uncertainties in Charring Correction in the Analysis of
Elemental and Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Particles by Thermal/Optical
Methods. Yang and Yu, 2002, Environmental Science and Technology
(36), 5199-5204
4) Charring Characteristics of Atmospheric Organic Particulate
Matter in Thermal Analysis.Yu et al., 2002, Environmental Science
and Technology (36), 754-761
5) Uncertainties in Data on Organic Aerosols. Huebert and Charlson,
2000, Tellus (52B), 1249-1255
6) Shipboard Measurements of Concentrations and Properties
of Carbonaceous Aerosols during ACE-2. Novakov et al., 2000,
Tellus (52B), 228-238
TOPIC # 5 . . .
What specific compounds are likely to evolve during
different temperature fractions of thermal evolution methods
used to analyze carbonaceous aerosols?
Joellen
Lewtas, Senior Research Scientist, US EPA/Office of Research
& Dev’t/Nat’l Exposure Research Lab
1) Jamie Schauer's background paper & presentation:
http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/Aerosols/Q4_schauer.doc
http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/Aerosols/James_Schauer_Presentation.htm
2) Barbara Zelinska's bakground paper and presentation:
http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/Aerosols/q7_bz.doc
http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/Aerosols/Barbara_Zielinska_Presentation.htm
3) Joellen Lewtas's presentation:
http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/Aerosols/LewtasOrganicComparison.ppt
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TOPIC # 6. . .
How does carbonaceous particle composition, shape,
and size affect optical properties in the air and when sampled
on a filter?
Kirk Fuller, Research Scientist,
Nat'l Space Science and Technology Center, Univ. of Alabama
W. P. Arnott et al., "Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient
aerosol light absorption measurements: Instrument comparisons
ans the role of relative humidity," J. Geophys. Res. Vol.
108, D1, 4034(2003).
K. A. Fuller et al., "Effects of mixing on extinction
by carbonaceous particles," J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 104,
D13, 15,941-15954(1999).
TOPIC # 7 . .
.
How might
current analysis methods be enhanced or combined to obtain more
information about the nature of OC, EC, and other carbon fractions
in filter samples?
Hans Hansson, Air Pollution Laboratory,
Institute of Applied Environmental Research and Department of
Meteorology, Stockholm University, Sweden
M.C. Jacobson, HC Hansson, K.Noone and R.J. Charlson. "Organic
atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science."
Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 2, 267-294
M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, R. J. Charlson, P. Korhonen. (24
July, 1997.) "Clouds without supersaturation." Nature,
388,
TOPIC # 8 .
. .
What new and innovative sampling, analytical, and interpretive
techniques are needed to determine the properties and sources
of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere?
Hans Moosmuller, Research Professor, Desert Research
Institute
Arnott, W. P., H. Moosmüller, C. F. Rogers, T. Jin, and
R. Bruch (1999). “Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Measuring
Light Absorption by Aerosol: Instrument Description.”
Atmos. Environ. 33, 2845-2852.
Ballach, J., R. Hitzenberger, E. Schultz, and W. Jaeschke (2001).
“Development of an Improved Optical Transmission Technique
for Black Carbon (BC) Analysis.” Atmos. Environ. 35, 2089-2100.
Bond, T. C., R. J. Charlson, and J. Heintzenberg (1998). “Quantifying
the Emission of Light-Absorbing Particles: Measurements Tailored
to Climate Studies.” Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 337-340.
Petzold, A., H. Kramer, and M. Schönlinner (2002). “Continuous
Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Using a Multi-Angle
Absorption Photometer.” Environmental Science and Pollution
Research 4, 78-82.
Rosen, H. and T. Novakov (1977). “Raman Scattering and
the Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles.”
Nature 266, 708-710.
Sze, S. K., N. Siddique, J. J. Sloan, and R. Escribano (2001).
“Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Carbonaceous
Aerosols.” Atmos. Environ. 35, 561-568.
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